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stiffening bar

  • 1 ребро жесткости

    stiffening bar, stiffening rib, rib, ( над опорой) end stiffener

    Русско-английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям > ребро жесткости

  • 2 ребро жёсткости

    4) Chemistry: rib
    6) Railway term: truss plate
    8) Architecture: reinforcement( reinforcing) plate
    9) Mining: rib stiffener
    11) Mechanics: enforcement rib
    12) Sakhalin energy glossary: web stiffener
    13) Automation: brace, stiffening, stiffening bar
    14) Sakhalin R: ( web) stiffener
    15) Sakhalin A: stringer
    16) Makarov: stay

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ребро жёсткости

  • 3 ребро жесткости

    4) Chemistry: rib
    6) Railway term: truss plate
    8) Architecture: reinforcement( reinforcing) plate
    9) Mining: rib stiffener
    11) Mechanics: enforcement rib
    12) Sakhalin energy glossary: web stiffener
    13) Automation: brace, stiffening, stiffening bar
    14) Sakhalin R: ( web) stiffener
    15) Sakhalin A: stringer
    16) Makarov: stay

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ребро жесткости

  • 4 угольник жёсткости

    1) Naval: angle stiffener
    2) Construction: gusset plate
    3) Automation: stiffening bar

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > угольник жёсткости

  • 5 балка

    bar, beam, bolster ж.-д., girder, ( автомобильной рамы) rail
    * * *
    ба́лка ж. стр., мех.
    beam, girder (when any distinction is made between beams and girders, the beam is the smaller member and may be supported by the girder)
    загружа́ть ба́лку сосредото́ченной си́лой — subject a beam to a concentrated load
    заде́лывать ба́лку в бето́н — embed a beam in concrete
    заде́лывать ба́лку одни́м концо́м — build in a beam at one end
    закрепля́ть ба́лку одни́м концо́м — fix a beam at one end
    закрепля́ть ба́лку шарни́рно с по́мощью опо́ры — hinge a beam to a support
    ба́лка изгиба́ется под де́йствием моме́нта — the moment bends the beam
    опира́ть ба́лку на … — support a beam on [up] …
    опира́ть ба́лку одни́м или двумя́ конца́ми — support a beam at one or two ends
    рассека́ть ба́лку — pass a section through a beam
    ба́лка свобо́дно удлиня́ется — the beam is free to elongate
    свя́зывать ба́лку сто́йками — truss a beam with struts [rods]
    а́нкерная ба́лка — anchorage [tie] beam
    би́мсовая ба́лка — bulb beam
    ба́лка веду́щего моста́ автомоби́ля, неразъё́мная — banjo case, banjo casing
    вспомога́тельная ба́лка — pony girder
    высо́кая ба́лка — deep beam
    двута́вровая ба́лка — flange beam
    двута́вровая, широкопо́лочная ба́лка — brood flange beam
    двухконсо́льная ба́лка — beam with overhanging ends, overhanging beam
    двухопо́рная, проста́я ба́лка — simple [simply supported] beam
    двухпролё́тная ба́лка — beam with a central prop
    деревя́нная ба́лка — wooden beam
    железобето́нная ба́лка — (reinforced) concrete beam
    железобето́нная, предвари́тельно напряжё́нная ба́лка — prestressed (reinforced) concrete beam
    ба́лка жё́сткости — stiffening girder
    с ба́лкой жё́сткости — girder-stiffened
    ба́лка, заде́ланная (жё́стко) ( одним или двумя концами) — constrained beam
    ба́лка, заде́ланная (жё́стко) двумя́ конца́ми — fixed [restrained] beam
    ба́лка, заде́ланная (жё́стко) одни́м концо́м — cantilever beam
    зе́товая ба́лка — Z-beam, zee beam
    килева́я ба́лка мор. — keel girder
    клё́паная ба́лка — riveted girder
    колоснико́вая ба́лка тепл. — grate bearer
    консо́льная ба́лка — cantilever beam
    консо́льная ба́лка с опё́ртым концо́м — propped cantilever beam
    коро́бчатая ба́лка — box girder
    кра́новая ба́лка — crane jib
    металли́ческая ба́лка — steel beam
    многоопо́рная ба́лка — multisupport beam
    многопролё́тная ба́лка — multispan beam
    монта́жная ба́лка — top-trolley beam
    мостова́я ба́лка — bridge beam
    ба́лка насти́ла — boarding joist
    ба́лка на упру́гих опо́рах — beam on elastic supports
    ба́лка на шарни́рных опо́рах — hinged beam
    незакреплё́нная ба́лка — simply supported beam
    неразрезна́я ба́лка — continuous beam
    неразрезна́я ба́лка перекрыва́ет не́сколько пролё́тов — continuous beam rests on several supports
    ни́зкая ба́лка — shallow beam
    обвя́зочная ба́лка — binder, framing beam
    одноконсо́льная ба́лка — beam with overhang
    однопролё́тная ба́лка — single beam
    однота́вровая ба́лка — T-beam
    опо́рная ба́лка — support(ing) beam
    основна́я ба́лка — main [prime] beam
    ба́лка перекры́тия — joist
    подкра́новая ба́лка — crane(-runway) girder
    по́довая ба́лка — bottom [hearth] beam
    подстропи́льная ба́лка — footing beam
    подфунда́ментная ба́лка — foundation beam
    ба́лка прое́зжей ча́сти моста́, продо́льная — bridge deck stringer
    прямоуго́льная ба́лка — square beam
    ба́лка ра́вного сопротивле́ния изги́бу — uniform-strength beam
    равнопролё́тная ба́лка — equispan beam
    разрезна́я ба́лка — simply supported beam
    распо́рная ба́лка ( свода мартеновской печи) — hold-down beam
    решё́тчатая ба́лка — lattice [trellis] girder
    сбо́рно-разбо́рная ба́лка — collapsible beam
    сварна́я ба́лка — welded beam
    свободноопё́ртая ба́лка — freely supported beam
    ба́лка с ву́тами — haunched beam
    связу́ющая ба́лка — bond beam
    составна́я ба́лка — built-up beam
    стати́чески неопредели́мая ба́лка — statically indeterminate beam
    стати́чески определи́мая ба́лка — statically determinate beam
    струнобето́нная ба́лка — wire-prestressed reinforced beam
    тавро́вая ба́лка — T-shaped beam, T-beam, tee girder
    тонкосте́нная ба́лка — thin-web (bed) beam
    тру́бчатая ба́лка — tubular beam, tubular girder
    упру́гая ба́лка — spring beam
    хвостова́я ба́лка ав. — tail boom
    шандо́рная ба́лка — dam beam
    шпре́нгельная ба́лка — trussed beam
    штампо́ванная ба́лка — pressed girder

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > балка

  • 6 apretar

    v.
    1 to press (oprimir) (botón, tecla).
    me aprietan las botas my boots are too tight
    La enfermera apretó la herida The nurse pressed the wound.
    La niña aprieta los dientes al dormir The girl grits her teeth when sleeping.
    3 to squeeze.
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand
    María apretó la mostaza Mary squeezed the mustard.
    4 to press.
    lo están apretando para que acepte la oferta they are pressing him o putting pressure on him to accept the offer
    5 to get worse, to intensify (calor, lluvia).
    6 to tighten.
    El mecánico aprieta duramente el tornillo The mechanic tightens the screw.
    7 to pinch.
    Me aprietan los zapatos My shoes pinch.
    Ricardo apretó su nariz Richard pinched her nose.
    8 to be too tight.
    Esta faja aprieta This belt is too tight.
    9 to press down, to push down.
    Ricardo apretó el botón para iniciar Richard pressed down the button to start.
    10 to be too tight for.
    Me aprieta la ropa My clothes are too tight for me.
    11 to be most intense, to be more intense.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 (estrechar) to squeeze, hug
    2 (tornillo) to tighten; (cordones, nudo) to do up tight
    3 (comprimir) to compress, press together, pack tight
    4 (activar) to press, push
    5 figurado (acosar) to keep on at; (presionar) to put pressure on, pressurize
    1 figurado (aumentar) to increase, get worse
    2 (prendas) to fit tight, be tight on
    3 (esforzarse) to work hard
    ■ tendrás que apretar en tus estudios you'll have to study a lot harder, you'll have to pull your socks up
    1 (apiñar) to narrow, tighten
    2 (agolparse) to crowd together; (acercarse) to squeeze up
    \
    apretar a correr to start running
    apretar el paso to quicken one's pace
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand
    apretar el gatillo to pull the trigger
    * * *
    verb
    4) pinch, be too tight
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ tapa, tornillo, nudo] to tighten
    2) (=pulsar) [+ interruptor, pedal, tecla] to press; [+ gatillo] to squeeze, pull

    apretar el acelerador — to put one's foot down (on the accelerator), depress the accelerator frm

    3) (=apretujar)
    a) [+ objeto] to squeeze, grip; [para que no caiga] to clutch

    apretó bien los papeles en la cartera — he packed o squeezed the papers into the briefcase

    • apretar los dientes — to grit one's teeth, clench one's teeth

    • apretar la mano a algn — to shake sb's hand

    • apretar el puño — to clench one's fist

    b) [+ persona] [contra pared, suelo] to pin, press; [con los brazos] to clasp, clutch

    me apretaba con todo su cuerpo contra la pared — he pinned o pressed me against the wall with his whole body

    la apretó con fuerza entre sus brazos — he clasped o clutched her tightly in his arms

    4) (=presionar)

    • apretar a algn — to put pressure on sb

    nos aprieta mucho para que estudiemos — he puts a lot of pressure on us to study, he pushes us to study hard

    5)

    • apretar el paso — to quicken one's pace

    6)
    7) (Mil) [+ asedio] to step up, intensify; [+ bloqueo] to tighten
    2. VI
    1) (=oprimir) [zapatos] to be too tight, pinch one's feet; [ropa] to be too tight

    estos zapatos aprietan — these shoes are too tight, these shoes pinch my feet

    zapato
    2) (=aumentar) [dolor, frío] to get worse; [viento] to intensify

    cuando el frío aprieta — when the cold gets worse, when it gets really cold

    3) (=presionar) to put on the pressure, pile on the pressure *

    si le aprietan un poco más, confesará — if they put a bit more pressure on him, he'll confess

    • apretar con el enemigo — to close with the enemy

    Dios 3)
    4) (=esforzarse)

    si apretáis un poco al final, aprobaréis — if you make an extra effort at the end, you'll pass

    5)

    • apretar a hacer algo, si aprieta a llover — if it starts to rain heavily

    6)

    ¡aprieta! — nonsense!, good grief!

    7) Chile (=irse con prisa)

    apretemos que viene la profesora — let's run for it, the teacher's coming

    8) ** [al defecar] to push
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < botón> to press, push; < acelerador> to put one's foot on, press; < gatillo> to pull, squeeze
    b) <nudo/venda/tornillo> to tighten
    c)

    apretar el paso or la marcha — to quicken one's pace o step

    2)
    a) ( apretujar)

    apretó al niño contra su pecho — he clasped o clutched the child to his breast

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza — he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    b) ( presionar) to put pressure on
    2.
    1) ropa/zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    2) ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)

    cuando el hambre aprieta... — when people are in the grip of hunger...

    4)
    a) ( esforzarse) to make an effort
    b) profesor/jefe to be demanding

    apretar a correr — (fam) to break into a run

    3.
    apretarse v pron to squeeze o squash together
    * * *
    = squeeze, nip, tighten, screw, tighten + Posesivo + grip on, press, clenching, cramp.
    Ex. Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.
    Ex. Rotary presses are like wringers the printing paper being nipped between two cylinders.
    Ex. Self-effacing nervousness causes the epiglottis to tighten, strangling the words in the throat and stiffening the diaphragm so that it is like pulled-out elastic unable to propel anything.
    Ex. This was done by laying the right number of letters on their sides in the stick, pushing the sliding bar up to them and screwing it up tight.
    Ex. This paper reports on measures being taken by the government to tighten its grip on what universities do with their money.
    Ex. To read a borrower label place the scanner on the left side of the label and move it from left to right across the bar codes, pressing lightly to keep it in direct contact with the label.
    Ex. A bite guard, also known as a stress guard, teeth guard, dental guard or night guard, is a dental appliance provided by the dentist to protect your teeth from excessive grinding or clenching.
    Ex. The goals are to reduce stress on the fingers and wrists and to keep your hands in a natural position rather than cramping them together.
    ----
    * apretar el gatillo = pull + the trigger.
    * apretar fuerte = bear down on.
    * apretarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * apretarse los machos = gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * cuando el sol aprieta = during the heat of the day.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < botón> to press, push; < acelerador> to put one's foot on, press; < gatillo> to pull, squeeze
    b) <nudo/venda/tornillo> to tighten
    c)

    apretar el paso or la marcha — to quicken one's pace o step

    2)
    a) ( apretujar)

    apretó al niño contra su pecho — he clasped o clutched the child to his breast

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza — he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    b) ( presionar) to put pressure on
    2.
    1) ropa/zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    2) ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)

    cuando el hambre aprieta... — when people are in the grip of hunger...

    4)
    a) ( esforzarse) to make an effort
    b) profesor/jefe to be demanding

    apretar a correr — (fam) to break into a run

    3.
    apretarse v pron to squeeze o squash together
    * * *
    = squeeze, nip, tighten, screw, tighten + Posesivo + grip on, press, clenching, cramp.

    Ex: Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.

    Ex: Rotary presses are like wringers the printing paper being nipped between two cylinders.
    Ex: Self-effacing nervousness causes the epiglottis to tighten, strangling the words in the throat and stiffening the diaphragm so that it is like pulled-out elastic unable to propel anything.
    Ex: This was done by laying the right number of letters on their sides in the stick, pushing the sliding bar up to them and screwing it up tight.
    Ex: This paper reports on measures being taken by the government to tighten its grip on what universities do with their money.
    Ex: To read a borrower label place the scanner on the left side of the label and move it from left to right across the bar codes, pressing lightly to keep it in direct contact with the label.
    Ex: A bite guard, also known as a stress guard, teeth guard, dental guard or night guard, is a dental appliance provided by the dentist to protect your teeth from excessive grinding or clenching.
    Ex: The goals are to reduce stress on the fingers and wrists and to keep your hands in a natural position rather than cramping them together.
    * apretar el gatillo = pull + the trigger.
    * apretar fuerte = bear down on.
    * apretarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * apretarse los machos = gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * cuando el sol aprieta = during the heat of the day.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

    * * *
    apretar [A5 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹botón› to press, push; ‹acelerador› to put one's foot on, press, depress ( frml); ‹gatillo› to pull, squeeze
    2 ‹nudo/venda› to tighten; ‹tapa/tornillo› to tighten
    apretó bien la tapa he screwed the lid on tightly
    aprieta el puño clench your fist
    apreté los dientes I gritted my teeth
    3
    apretar el paso or la marcha to quicken one's pace o step
    4 ‹letra› to squeeze together ( AmE), to squeeze up ( BrE)
    apretar los puntos to knit tightly
    B
    1
    (apretujar): apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast
    llevaba el osito apretado entre sus brazos she was clutching the teddy bear in her arms
    me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly
    2 (presionar) to put pressure on
    el profesor nos apretó mucho en los últimos meses in the last few months the teacher put a lot of pressure on us o pushed us really hard
    ■ apretar
    vi
    A «ropa/zapatos» (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    el vestido le aprieta the dress is too tight for her o is very tight on her
    la falda me aprieta en las caderas the skirt is too tight around the hips
    ¡cómo me aprietan estos zapatos! these shoes are so tight!, these shoes really pinch my feet!
    B (hacer presión) to press down ( o in etc)
    C
    (ser fuerte): a las tres de la tarde cuando el calor aprieta at three o'clock when the heat is at its most intense
    a primeras horas de la mañana el frío aprieta (Chi, Méx); in the early hours of the morning you really feel the cold
    cuando el hambre aprieta, la gente come cualquier cosa when people are in the grip of hunger they will eat anything
    D
    1 (esforzarse) to make an effort
    vas a tener que apretar en la física you're going to have to knuckle down o make more of an effort in physics
    2 «profesor/jefe» to be demanding dios
    E
    ( Chi fam) (irse): todos apretaron a la salida everyone made a dash for o ran for the door ( colloq)
    tuvimos que salir apretando we had to make a run for it ( colloq)
    apretar a correr ( fam); to break into a run, start running
    to squeeze o squash together, to squeeze o squash up ( BrE) cinturón
    * * *

     

    apretar ( conjugate apretar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ botón› to press, push;

    ‹ acelerador› to put one's foot on, press;
    ‹ gatillo› to pull, squeeze
    b) ‹nudo/tapa/tornillo› to tighten;

    ‹puño/mandíbulas› to clench;

    2
    a) ( apretujar):

    ◊ apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast;

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [ropa/zapatos] (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight;

    2 ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)
    apretarse verbo pronominal
    to squeeze o squash together
    apretar
    I vtr (pulsar un botón) to press
    (el cinturón, un tornillo) to tighten
    (el gatillo) to pull: me aprietan los zapatos, these shoes are too tight for me
    II verbo intransitivo el calor ha apretado en julio, it was really hot in July
    ♦ Locuciones: apretar el paso, to hasten, hurry
    apretarle las clavijas a alguien, to put the screws on someone
    donde aprieta el zapato, where the problem is
    ' apretar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajustar
    - estrujar
    - aprieta
    - estrechar
    - fuerte
    - gatillo
    - oprimir
    - puño
    English:
    clench
    - grip
    - loosely
    - pack
    - pack down
    - pinch
    - press
    - pull
    - push
    - screw up
    - squeeze
    - tighten
    - wedge
    - which
    - accelerate
    - foot
    - loosen
    - screw
    - speed
    - tooth
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [oprimir] [botón, tecla] to press;
    [gatillo] to pull, to squeeze; [acelerador] to step on;
    el zapato me aprieta my shoe is pinching;
    me aprietan las botas my boots are too tight
    2. [nudo, tuerca, cinturón] to tighten;
    Fam
    apretar las clavijas o [m5] los tornillos a alguien to put the screws on sb
    3. [juntar] [dientes] to grit;
    [labios] to press together; [puño] to clench;
    tendrás que apretar la letra you'll have to squeeze your handwriting up
    4. [estrechar] to squeeze;
    [abrazar] to hug;
    no me aprietes el brazo, me estás haciendo daño stop squeezing my arm, you're hurting me;
    la apretó contra su pecho he held her to his chest;
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake sb's hand
    5. [acelerar]
    apretar el paso o [m5] la marcha to quicken one's pace;
    como no apretemos el paso, no llegaremos nunca if we don't hurry up, we'll never get there
    6. [exigir] to tighten up on;
    [presionar] to press;
    apretar la disciplina to tighten up on discipline;
    lo apretaron tanto que acabó confesando they pressed him so hard that he ended up confessing;
    no me gusta que me aprieten en el trabajo I don't like to feel pressurized in my work;
    lo están apretando para que acepte la oferta they are pressing him o putting pressure on him to accept the offer
    7. [ropa, objetos] to pack tight
    ♦ vi
    1. [calor, lluvia] to get worse, to intensify;
    salgo de casa a las dos, cuando más aprieta el calor I leave home at two o'clock, when the heat is at its worst;
    en agosto ha apretado mucho el calor it got a lot hotter in August;
    cuando la necesidad aprieta, se agudiza el ingenio people become more resourceful when they really have to
    2. [zapatos] to pinch;
    [ropa] to be too tight
    3. [esforzarse] to push oneself;
    tienes que apretar más si quieres aprobar you'll have to pull your socks up if you want to pass
    4. Fam
    apretar a correr to run off;
    el ladrón apretó a correr the thief ran off
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 botón press;
    apretó contra el pecho la fotografía/el niño she held the photograph/the child close, she pressed the photograph/the child to her breast;
    apretar los puños clench one’s fists;
    apretar los dientes grit one’s teeth
    2 ( pellizcar, pinzar) squeeze
    3 tuerca tighten
    4
    :
    apretar el paso quicken one’s pace
    II v/i
    1 de ropa, zapato be too tight
    2
    :
    apretar a correr start to run, start running
    * * *
    apretar {55} vt
    1) : to press, to push (a button)
    2) : to tighten
    3) : to squeeze
    1) : to press, to push
    2) : to fit tightly, to be too tight
    los zapatos me aprietan: my shoes are tight
    * * *
    1. (botón) to press
    2. (gatillo) to pull
    3. (tornillo, cinturón, nudo) to tighten
    ¿has apretado los tornillos? have you tightened the screws?
    4. (exigir) to be strict with / to push hard
    5. (quedar estrecho ropa) to be too tight
    6. (esforzarse) to work harder
    7. (aumentar calor) to increase

    Spanish-English dictionary > apretar

  • 7 накладка

    2) Geology: plate cap
    3) Aviation: splice plate
    5) Sports: H.g., hand protector, hand strap, handgrip, handguard, rubber (резиновая, на ракетку для настольного тенниса)
    7) Agriculture: bolster
    8) History: scalp
    11) Automobile industry: facing, lining, moulding, pad, patch, spoiler, stiffening plate, concho
    12) Mining: anvil, plate cap (железная), plate stiffener
    15) Music: pickguard, fretboard (верхняя часть грифа, на которую устанавливаются лады)
    16) Polygraphy: sheet feed
    17) Textile: appliqu (например elbow appliqu)
    19) Oil: patch, patchy
    20) Mechanic engineering: cap jewel, covering, doctor (для пригонки неточно обработанных деталей), end jewel, end piece, pallet, set bar
    21) Sakhalin energy glossary: rail joint (ж.д.)
    22) Oil&Gas technology cover plate (в сварном соединении), overlay
    23) Oilfield: ( cover) plate
    24) Automation: cover, shield
    25) Plastics: surfacing
    27) Makarov: lining (тормозов), splint
    28) Tengiz: angle bar (стыковая), compromise joint (стыковая), fish plate (стыковая), joint (to join different types of rails, e.g. R-50 and R-65) (стыковая), joint bar (стыковая), step joint (стыковая)
    29) Yachting: cross rope tabling
    30) Combustion gas turbines: insert

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > накладка

  • 8 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 9 уголок

    * * *
    уголо́к м.
    2. ( деталь) angle piece
    3. полигр. galley
    гну́тый уголо́к — roll-formed angle
    уголо́к жё́сткости — stiffening angle
    за́гнутый уголо́к прок. — turned-in angle
    крепя́щий уголо́к — fastening angle
    монта́жный уголо́к — seat angle
    неравнобо́кий уголо́к — unequal angle
    окаймля́ющий уголо́к — curb angle
    равнобо́кий уголо́к — equal angle
    фаце́тный уголо́к полигр. — patent base, patent block
    уголо́к фюзеля́жа, ко́нтурный — fusel age finishing angle

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > уголок

  • 10 полоса жёсткости

    1) Engineering: stiffening strip
    2) Makarov: stiffener bar

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > полоса жёсткости

  • 11 рама жёсткости

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рама жёсткости

  • 12 анкеровка

    anchorage, anchoring, ( опоры) staying, stiffening
    * * *
    анкеро́вка ж.
    1. anchorage
    2. горн. anchoring, bolting
    анкеро́вка армату́ры — bar anchorage
    пряма́я анкеро́вка — straight anchorage
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > анкеровка

  • 13 рама жесткости

    hard bar, bracing frame, stiffening frame
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > рама жесткости

  • 14 forsterkningsvinkel

    subst. gusset plate, stiffening angle-bar

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > forsterkningsvinkel

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